A new era dawns in the history of the Indian Air Force. The Russian Mig-21, introduced in 1963 and serving the nation for 62 years, will retire on September 26, 2025. Taking its place is India’s indigenous Tejas fighter jet, a symbol of modern technology.
The Mig-21 was often dubbed the 'Flying Coffin' due to over 400 crashes resulting in more than 200 pilot casualties. However, Tejas is safe, versatile, and embodies India's dream of self-reliance.
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Designed by the Soviet Union (now Russia) in the 1950s, India inducted its first squadron in 1963. It was a key player in downing Pakistani Sabers in the 1971 Indo-Pak war and during the Kargil War (1999). A total of 874 Mig-21s were procured, with the last upgraded 'Bison' version introduced in 2013.
As these fighter jets age, issues have increased. Old engines, minimal maintenance, and ineffective radars in adverse weather led to more mishaps. By 2025, all squadrons will cease operation. While Mig-21 made history, a new generation led by Tejas is now essential.
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The concept of Tejas emerged in the 1980s, as India decided to design its indigenous fighter aircraft. The Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) designed it, while Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) built it. Its maiden flight was in 2001, though operational clearance was delayed until 2015.
The Tejas Mk-1A is its upgraded version, featuring AESA radars, electronic warfare systems, and enhanced weaponry. The first Mk-1A took off in July 2025. The Air Force placed an order for 83 jets, with two squadrons currently active. Indigenous content stands at over 70%, bolstering 'Atmanirbhar Bharat'. Although development took 20 years, it now operates alongside jets like the Rafale.
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Advanced technology: Tejas features a fly-by-wire system for simplified controls, unlike Mig’s antiquated mechanical systems. It strategically dodges radar (low radar cross-section).
Versatile roles: While Mig was primarily an air-to-air fighter, Tejas can perform air-to-ground, reconnaissance, and electronic jamming.
Maintenance and cost: Mig's upkeep was costly (Russia-dependent), whereas Tejas operates economically with local parts.
Initial setbacks: Tejas initially had a limited range (extendable with drop tanks) and delayed engine. Upgrades are rectifying these issues.
Experts assert that Tejas is a 4.5-gen fighter, superior to the 3.5-gen Mig and Pakistan’s JF-17.
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By 2025, 83 Tejas Mk-1 jets will constitute four squadrons. Work is ongoing for Mk-2 and a naval version. The Air Force targets 42 squadrons, where Tejas will be pivotal. Export efforts, like sales to Malaysia, are in development. Mig-21 taught India warfare, while Tejas embodies self-reliance, marking not only technological advancements but reflecting national pride.
